Reflection on Cebu Pacific’s Issue

Due to Cebu Pacific’s runway accident last June 2, 2013 on Davao City, the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP) says that all flight attendants must have their licenses effective on the second day of July. This news stunned many people especially the ones who are in the Tourism Field particularly the Airline Industry. The story, until this day was a hot issue in our classroom discussions. As a college student whose dream is to be a flight attendant some time after my graduation, I felt happy hearing this news. When I read the article about the runway accident, I somewhat felt the grief of the passengers of the particular flight. As a human being our safety need is really on the top level. Hearing the Ateneo students share their experience inside the plane, I was really in shock about the recklessness of the crews. Cebu Pacific is one of our country’s major airlines and when I took my On-the-Job training last summer, it was the airline competing with the nation’s flag carrier in terms of the number of bookings. It is a shame, in my opinion, in the airlines name to hear that the crews they are very proud of are not properly. I also believe that this happening is the company’s responsibility for they must all the time ensure that their crews are well trained so that no accident like this will happen. To think that many people not only Filipinos trust their services and the passengers also trust their lives to them, how can they just do nothing and be insensitive to the their needs? In situations like this, I remember one of my professors saying that the passenger must always be the first than yourself. Being a flight attendant is one of my major dreams and seeing one whenever I go to the airport is like giving me inspiration to achieve this dream. But this accident made me think of the statement my group mate in research said. She said, why is that many people who is working in our industry did not take BS Tourism Management as their course but still had their way inside the industry? I am just happy that CAAP did something about this situation for my fear is that many people will not trust our airline companies anymore. Training the crews is really an important activity especially not all of them have backgrounds to the industry. It is also a great thing to not make the other dreamers of being a flight attendant stop their dreams and shift to another profession. By this way we can still promote ourselves and of course make people trust us again. I am just hoping no such accident will again happen for it is really bad thinking that the industry that I chose is somewhat dangerous. Traveling is very fun and I hope that all people will experience it if the authorities will just put their focus on things like this. Tourism industry is something that is not only about profession but serving people with love and with great passion.

The Da Vinci Code Chapter 48-51

CHAPTER 48 Langdon could scarcely believe his own supposition, and yet, considering who had given this stone cylinder to them, how he had given it to them, and now, the inlaid Rose on the container, Langdon could formulate only one conclusion. I am holding the Priory keystone. The legend was specific. The keystone is an encoded stone that lies beneath the sign of the Rose. â€Å"Robert?† Sophie was watching him. â€Å"What's going on?† Langdon needed a moment to gather his thoughts. â€Å"Did your grandfather ever speak to you of something called la clef de voute?† â€Å"The key to the vault?† Sophie translated. â€Å"No, that's the literal translation. Clef de voute is a common architectural term. Voute refers not to a bank vault, but to a vault in an archway. Like a vaulted ceiling.† â€Å"But vaulted ceilings don't have keys.† â€Å"Actually they do. Every stone archway requires a central, wedge-shaped stone at the top which locks the pieces together and carries all the weight. This stone is, in an architectural sense, the key to the vault. In English we call it a keystone.† Langdon watched her eyes for any spark of recognition. Sophie shrugged, glancing down at the cryptex. â€Å"But this obviously is not a keystone.† Langdon didn't know where to begin. Keystones as a masonry technique for building stonearchways had been one of the best-kept secrets of the early Masonic brotherhood. The Royal ArchDegree.Architecture.Keystones.It was all interconnected. The secret knowledge of how to use a wedged keystone to build a vaulted archway was part of the wisdom that had made the Masons such wealthy craftsmen, and it was a secret they guarded carefully. Keystones had always had a tradition of secrecy. And yet, the stone cylinder in the rosewood box was obviously something quite different. The Priory keystone – if this was indeed what they were holding – was not at all what Langdon had imagined. â€Å"The Priory keystone is not my specialty,† Langdon admitted. â€Å"My interest in the Holy Grail is primarily symbologic, so I tend to ignore the plethora of lore regarding how to actually find it.† Sophie's eyebrows arched. â€Å"Find the Holy Grail?† Langdon gave an uneasy nod, speaking his next words carefully. â€Å"Sophie, according to Priory lore, the keystone is an encoded map†¦ a map that reveals the hiding place of the Holy Grail.† Sophie's face went blank. â€Å"And you think this is it?† Langdon didn't know what to say. Even to him it sounded unbelievable, and yet the keystone was the only logical conclusion he could muster. An encrypted stone, hidden beneath the sign of theRose. The idea that the cryptex had been designed by Leonardo Da Vinci – former Grand Master of the Priory of Sion – shone as another tantalizing indicator that this was indeed the Priory keystone. A former Grand Master's blueprint†¦brought to life centuries later by another Priory member.The bond was too palpable to dismiss. For the last decade, historians had been searching for the keystone in French churches. Grail seekers, familiar with the Priory's history of cryptic double-talk, had concluded la clef de voute was a literal keystone – an architectural wedge – an engraved, encrypted stone, inserted into a vaulted archway in a church. Beneath the sign of the Rose.In architecture, there was no shortage of roses. Rose windows.Rosette reliefs.And, of course, an abundance of cinquefoils – the five-petaled decorative flowers often found at the top of archways, directly over the keystone. The hiding place seemed diabolically simple. The map to the Holy Grail was incorporated high in an archway of some forgotten church, mocking the blind churchgoers who wandered beneath it. â€Å"This cryptex can't be the keystone,† Sophie argued. â€Å"It's not old enough. I'm certain my grandfather made this. It can't be part of any ancient Grail legend.† â€Å"Actually,† Langdon replied, feeling a tingle of excitement ripple through him,† the keystone is believed to have been created by the Priory sometime in the past couple of decades.† Sophie's eyes flashed disbelief. â€Å"But if this cryptex reveals the hiding place of the Holy Grail, why would my grandfather give it to me? I have no idea how to open it or what to do with it. I don't even know what the Holy Grail is!† Langdon realized to his surprise that she was right. He had not yet had a chance to explain to Sophie the true nature of the Holy Grail. That story would have to wait. At the moment, they were focused on the keystone. If that is indeed what this is†¦ . Against the hum of the bulletproof wheels beneath them, Langdon quickly explained to Sophie everything he had heard about the keystone. Allegedly, for centuries, the Priory's biggest secret – the location of the Holy Grail – was never written down. For security's sake, it was verbally transferred to each new rising senechal at a clandestine ceremony. However, at some point during the last century, whisperings began to surface that the Priory policy had changed. Perhaps it was on account of new electronic eavesdropping capabilities, but the Priory vowed never again even to speak the location of the sacred hiding place. â€Å"But then how could they pass on the secret?† Sophie asked. â€Å"That's where the keystone comes in,† Langdon explained. â€Å"When one of the top four members died, the remaining three would choose from the lower echelons the next candidate to ascend as senechal.Rather than telling the new senechal where the Grail was hidden, they gave him a test through which he could prove he was worthy.† Sophie looked unsettled by this, and Langdon suddenly recalled her mentioning how her grandfather used to make treasure hunts for her – preuves de merite.Admittedly, the keystone was a similar concept. Then again, tests like this were extremely common in secret societies. The best known was the Masons', wherein members ascended to higher degrees by proving they could keep a secret and by performing rituals and various tests of merit over many years. The tasks became progressively harder until they culminated in a successful candidate's induction as thirty-second- degree Mason. â€Å"So the keystone is a preuve de merite,†Sophie said. â€Å"If a rising Priory senechal can open it, he proves himself worthy of the information it holds.† Langdon nodded. â€Å"I forgot you'd had experience with this sort of thing.† â€Å"Not only with my grandfather. In cryptology, that's called a ‘self-authorizing language. ‘ That is, if you're smart enough to read it, you're permitted to know what is being said.† Langdon hesitated a moment. â€Å"Sophie, you realize that if this is indeed the keystone, your grandfather's access to it implies he was exceptionally powerful within the Priory of Sion. He would have to have been one of the highest four members.† Sophie sighed. â€Å"He was powerful in a secret society. I'm certain of it. I can only assume it was the Priory.† Langdon did a double take. â€Å"You knew he was in a secret society?† â€Å"I saw some things I wasn't supposed to see ten years ago. We haven't spoken since.† She paused. â€Å"My grandfather was not only a ranking top member of the group†¦ I believe he was the top member.† Langdon could not believe what she had just said. â€Å"Grand Master? But†¦ there's no way you could know that!† â€Å"I'd rather not talk about it.† Sophie looked away, her expression as determined as it was pained. Langdon sat in stunned silence. Jacques Sauniere? Grand Master? Despite the astonishing repercussions if it were true, Langdon had the eerie sensation it almost made perfect sense. After all, previous Priory Grand Masters had also been distinguished public figures with artistic souls. Proof of that fact had been uncovered years ago in Paris's Bibliotheque Nationale in papers that became known as Les Dossiers Secrets. Every Priory historian and Grail buff had read the Dossiers.Cataloged under Number 4o lm1 249, the Dossiers Secrets had been authenticated by many specialists and incontrovertibly confirmed what historians had suspected for a long time: Priory Grand Masters included Leonardo Da Vinci, Botticelli, Sir Isaac Newton, Victor Hugo, and, more recently, Jean Cocteau, the famous Parisian artist. Why not Jacques Sauniere? Langdon's incredulity intensified with the realization that he had been slated to meet Sauniere tonight. The Priory Grand Master called a meeting with me.Why? To make artistic small talk? It suddenly seemed unlikely. After all, if Langdon's instincts were correct, the Grand Master of the Priory of Sion had just transferred the brotherhood's legendary keystone to his granddaughter and simultaneously commanded her to find Robert Langdon. Inconceivable! Langdon's imagination could conjure no set of circumstances that would explain Sauniere's behavior. Even if Sauniere feared his own death, there were three senechaux who also possessed the secret and therefore guaranteed the Priory's security. Why would Sauniere take such an enormous risk giving his granddaughter the keystone, especially when the two of them didn't get along? And why involve Langdon†¦ a total stranger? A piece of this puzzle is missing, Langdon thought. The answers were apparently going to have to wait. The sound of the slowing engine caused them both to look up. Gravel crunched beneath the tires. Why is he pulling over already? Langdon wondered. Vernet had told them he would take them well outside the city to safety. The truck decelerated to a crawl and made its way over unexpectedly rough terrain. Sophie shot Langdon an uneasy look, hastily closing the cryptex box and latching it. Langdon slipped his jacket back on. When the truck came to a stop, the engine remained idling as the locks on the rear doors began to turn. When the doors swung open, Langdon was surprised to see they were parked in a wooded area, well off the road. Vernet stepped into view, a strained look in his eye. In his hand, he held a pistol. â€Å"I'm sorry about this,† he said. â€Å"I really have no choice.† CHAPTER 49 Andre Vernet looked awkward with a pistol, but his eyes shone with a determination that Langdon sensed would be unwise to test. â€Å"I'm afraid I must insist,† Vernet said, training the weapon on the two of them in the back of the idling truck. â€Å"Set the box down.† Sophie clutched the box to her chest. â€Å"You said you and my grandfather were friends.† â€Å"I have a duty to protect your grandfather's assets,† Vernet replied. â€Å"And that is exactly what I am doing. Now set the box on the floor.† â€Å"My grandfather entrusted this to me!† Sophie declared. â€Å"Do it,† Vernet commanded, raising the gun. Sophie set the box at her feet. Langdon watched the gun barrel swing now in his direction. â€Å"Mr. Langdon,† Vernet said,† you will bring the box over to me. And be aware that I'm asking you because you I would not hesitate to shoot.† Langdon stared at the banker in disbelief. â€Å"Why are you doing this?† â€Å"Why do you imagine?† Vernet snapped, his accented English terse now. â€Å"To protect my client's assets.† â€Å"We are your clients now,† Sophie said. Vernet's visage turned ice-cold, an eerie transformation. â€Å"Mademoiselle Neveu, I don't know howyou got that key and account number tonight, but it seems obvious that foul play was involved. Had I known the extent of your crimes, I would never have helped you leave the bank.† â€Å"I told you,† Sophie said,† we had nothing to do with my grandfather's death!† Vernet looked at Langdon. â€Å"And yet the radio claims you are wanted not only for the murder of Jacques Sauniere but for those of three other men as well?† â€Å"What!† Langdon was thunderstruck. Three more murders? The coincidental number hit him harder than the fact that he was the prime suspect. It seemed too unlikely to be a coincidence. The three senechaux? Langdon's eyes dropped to the rosewood box. If the senechaux were murdered, Sauniere had no options.He had to transfer the keystone to someone. â€Å"The police can sort that out when I turn you in,† Vernet said. â€Å"I have gotten my bank involved too far already.† Sophie glared at Vernet. â€Å"You obviously have no intention of turning us in. You would have driven us back to the bank. And instead you bring us out here and hold us at gunpoint?† â€Å"Your grandfather hired me for one reason – to keep his possessions both safe and private. Whatever this box contains, I have no intention of letting it become a piece of cataloged evidence in a police investigation. Mr. Langdon, bring me the box.† Sophie shook her head. â€Å"Don't do it.† A gunshot roared, and a bullet tore into the wall above him. The reverberation shook the back of the truck as a spent shell clinked onto the cargo floor. Shit! Langdon froze. Vernet spoke more confidently now. â€Å"Mr. Langdon, pick up the box.† Langdon lifted the box.† Now bring it over to me.† Vernet was taking dead aim, standing on the ground behind the rear bumper, his gun outstretched into the cargo hold now. Box in hand, Langdon moved across the hold toward the open door. I've got to do something! Langdon thought. I'm about to hand over the Priory keystone! As Langdon moved toward the doorway, his position of higher ground became more pronounced, and he began wondering if he could somehow use it to his advantage. Vernet's gun, though raised, was at Langdon's knee level. A well-placed kick perhaps? Unfortunately, as Langdon neared, Vernet seemed to sense the dangerous dynamic developing, and he took several steps back, repositioning himself six feet away. Well out of reach.† Vernet commanded,† Place the box beside the door.† Seeing no options, Langdon knelt down and set the rosewood box at the edge of the cargo hold, directly in front of the open doors. â€Å"Now stand up.† Langdon began to stand up but paused, spying the small, spent pistol shell on the floor beside the truck's precision-crafted doorsill. â€Å"Stand up, and step away from the box.† Langdon paused a moment longer, eyeing the metal threshold. Then he stood. As he did, he discreetly brushed the shell over the edge onto the narrow ledge that was the door's lower sill. Fully upright now, Langdon stepped backward. â€Å"Return to the back wall and turn around.† Langdon obeyed. Vernet could feel his own heart pounding. Aiming the gun with his right hand, he reached now with his left for the wooden box. He discovered that it was far too heavy. I need two hands. Turning his eyes back to his captives, he calculated the risk. Both were a good fifteen feet away, at the far end of the cargo hold, facing away from him. Vernet made up his mind. Quickly, he laid down the gun on the bumper, lifted the box with two hands, and set it on the ground, immediately grabbing the gun again and aiming it back into the hold. Neither of his prisoners had moved. Perfect.Now all that remained was to close and lock the door. Leaving the box on the ground for the moment, he grabbed the metal door and began to heave it closed. As the door swung past him, Vernet reached up to grab the single bolt that needed to be slid into place. The door closed with a thud, and Vernet quickly grabbed the bolt, pulling it to the left. The bolt slid a few inches and crunched to an unexpected halt, not lining up with its sleeve. What's going on? Vernet pulled again, but the bolt wouldn't lock. The mechanism was not properly aligned. The door isn't fully closed! Feeling a surge of panic, Vernet shoved hard against the outside of the door, but it refused to budge. Something is blocking it! Vernet turned to throw full shoulder into the door, but this time the door exploded outward, striking Vernet in the face and sending him reeling backward onto the ground, his nose shattering in pain. The gun flew as Vernet reached for his face and felt the warm blood running from his nose. Robert Langdon hit the ground somewhere nearby, and Vernet tried to get up, but he couldn't see. His vision blurred and he fell backward again. Sophie Neveu was shouting. Moments later, Vernet felt a cloud of dirt and exhaust billowing over him. He heard the crunching of tires on gravel and sat up just in time to see the truck's wide wheelbase fail to navigate a turn. There was a crash as the front bumper clipped a tree. The engine roared, and the tree bent. Finally, it was the bumper that gave, tearing half off. The armored car lurched away, its front bumper dragging. When the truck reached the paved access road, a shower of sparks lit up the night, trailing the truck as it sped away. Vernet turned his eyes back to the ground where the truck had been parked. Even in the faint moonlight he could see there was nothing there. The wooden box was gone. CHAPTER 50 The unmarked Fiat sedan departing Castel Gandolfo snaked downward through the Alban Hills into the valley below. In the back seat, Bishop Aringarosa smiled, feeling the weight of the bearer bonds in the briefcase on his lap and wondering how long it would be before he and the Teacher could make the exchange. Twenty million euro. The sum would buy Aringarosa power far more valuable than that. As his car sped back toward Rome, Aringarosa again found himself wondering why the Teacher had not yet contacted him. Pulling his cell phone from his cassock pocket, he checked the carrier signal. Extremely faint. â€Å"Cell service is intermittent up here,† the driver said, glancing at him in the rearview mirror. â€Å"In about five minutes, we'll be out of the mountains, and service improves.† â€Å"Thank you.† Aringarosa felt a sudden surge of concern. No service in the mountains? Maybe the Teacher had been trying to reach him all this time. Maybe something had gone terribly wrong. Quickly, Aringarosa checked the phone's voice mail. Nothing. Then again, he realized, the Teacher never would have left a recorded message; he was a man who took enormous care with his communications. Nobody understood better than the Teacher the perils of speaking openly in this modern world. Electronic eavesdropping had played a major role in how he had gathered his astonishing array of secret knowledge. For this reason, he takes extra precautions. Unfortunately, the Teacher's protocols for caution included a refusal to give Aringarosa any kind of contact number. I alone will initiate contact, the Teacher had informed him. So keep your phoneclose.Now that Aringarosa realized his phone might not have been working properly, he feared what the Teacher might think if he had been repeatedly phoning with no answer. He'll think something is wrong. Or that I failed to get the bonds. The bishop broke a light sweat. Or worse†¦ that I took the money and ran! CHAPTER 51 Even at a modest sixty kilometers an hour, the dangling front bumper of the armored truck grated against the deserted suburban road with a grinding roar, spraying sparks up onto the hood. We've got to get off the road, Langdon thought. He could barely even see where they were headed. The truck's lone working headlight had been knocked off-center and was casting a skewed sidelong beam into the woods beside the country highway. Apparently the armor in this† armored truck† referred only to the cargo hold and not the front end. Sophie sat in the passenger seat, staring blankly at the rosewood box on her lap. â€Å"Are you okay?† Langdon asked. Sophie looked shaken. â€Å"Do you believe him?† â€Å"About the three additional murders? Absolutely. It answers a lot of questions – the issue of your grandfather's desperation to pass on the keystone, as well as the intensity with which Fache is hunting me.† â€Å"No, I meant about Vernet trying to protect his bank.† Langdon glanced over. â€Å"As opposed to?† â€Å"Taking the keystone for himself.† Langdon had not even considered it. â€Å"How would he even know what this box contains?† â€Å"His bank stored it. He knew my grandfather. Maybe he knew things. He might have decided he wanted the Grail for himself.† Langdon shook his head. Vernet hardly seemed the type. â€Å"In my experience, there are only two reasons people seek the Grail. Either they are naive and believe they are searching for the long-lost Cup of Christ†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Or?† â€Å"Or they know the truth and are threatened by it. Many groups throughout history have sought to destroy the Grail.† The silence between them accentuated the sound of the scraping bumper. They had driven a few kilometers now, and as Langdon watched the cascade of sparks coming off the front of the truck, he wondered if it was dangerous. Either way, if they passed another car, it would certainly draw attention. Langdon made up his mind. â€Å"I'm going to see if I can bend this bumper back.† Pulling onto the shoulder, he brought the truck to a stop. Silence at last. As Langdon walked toward the front of the truck, he felt surprisingly alert. Staring into the barrel of yet another gun tonight had given him a second wind. He took a deep breath of nighttime air and tried to get his wits about him. Accompanying the gravity of being a hunted man, Langdon was starting to feel the ponderous weight of responsibility, the prospect that he and Sophie might actually be holding an encrypted set of directions to one of the most enduring mysteries of all time. As if this burden were not great enough, Langdon now realized that any possibility of finding away to return the keystone to the Priory had just evaporated. News of the three additional murders had dire implications. The Priory has been infiltrated.They are compromised.The brotherhood was obviously being watched, or there was a mole within the ranks. It seemed to explain why Sauniere might have transferred the keystone to Sophie and Langdon – people outside the brotherhood, people he knew were not compromised. We can't very well give the keystone back tothe brotherhood.Even if Langdon had any idea how to find a Priory member, chances were good that whoever stepped forward to take the keystone could be the enemy himself. For the moment, at least, it seemed the keystone was in Sophie and Langdon's hands, whether they wanted it or not. The truck's front end looked worse than Langdon had imagined. The left headlight was gone, and the right one looked like an eyeball dangling from its socket. Langdon straightened it, and it dislodged again. The only good news was that the front bumper had been torn almost clean off. Langdon gave it a hard kick and sensed he might be able to break it off entirely. As he repeatedly kicked the twisted metal, Langdon recalled his earlier conversation with Sophie. My grandfather left me a phone message, Sophie had told him. He said he needed to tell me thetruth about my family.At the time it had meant nothing, but now, knowing the Priory of Sion was involved, Langdon felt a startling new possibility emerge. The bumper broke off suddenly with a crash. Langdon paused to catch his breath. At least the truck would no longer look like a Fourth of July sparkler. He grabbed the bumper and began dragging it out of sight into the woods, wondering where they should go next. They had no idea how to open the cryptex, or why Sauniere had given it to them. Unfortunately, their survival tonight seemed to depend on getting answers to those very questions. We need help, Langdon decided. Professional help. In the world of the Holy Grail and the Priory of Sion, that meant only one man. The challenge, of course, would be selling the idea to Sophie. Inside the armored car, while Sophie waited for Langdon to return, she could feel the weight of the rosewood box on her lap and resented it. Why did my grandfather give this to me? She had not the slightest idea what to do with it. Think, Sophie! Use your head. Grand-pere is trying to tell you something! Opening the box, she eyed the cryptex's dials. A proof of merit.She could feel her grandfather's hand at work. The keystone is a map that can be followed only by the worthy.It sounded like her grandfather to the core. Lifting the cryptex out of the box, Sophie ran her fingers over the dials. Five letters.She rotated the dials one by one. The mechanism moved smoothly. She aligned the disks such that her chosen letters lined up between the cryptex's two brass alignment arrows on either end of the cylinder. The dials now spelled a five-letter word that Sophie knew was absurdly obvious. G-R-A-I-L. Gently, she held the two ends of the cylinder and pulled, applying pressure slowly. The cryptex didn't budge. She heard the vinegar inside gurgle and stopped pulling. Then she tried again. V-I-N-C-I Again, no movement. V-O-U-T-E Nothing. The cryptex remained locked solid. Frowning, she replaced it in the rosewood box and closed the lid. Looking outside at Langdon, Sophie felt grateful he was with her tonight. P. S.Find Robert Langdon.Her grandfather's rationale for including him was now clear. Sophie was not equipped to understand her grandfather's intentions, and so he had assigned Robert Langdon as her guide. A tutor to oversee her education. Unfortunately for Langdon, he had turned out to be far more than a tutor tonight. He had become the target of Bezu Fache†¦ and some unseen force intent on possessing the Holy Grail. Whatever the Grail turns out to be. Sophie wondered if finding out was worth her life. As the armored truck accelerated again, Langdon was pleased how much more smoothly it drove. â€Å"Do you know how to get to Versailles?† Sophie eyed him. â€Å"Sightseeing?† â€Å"No, I have a plan. There's a religious historian I know who lives near Versailles. I can't remember exactly where, but we can look it up. I've been to his estate a few times. His name is Leigh Teabing. He's a former British Royal Historian.† â€Å"And he lives in Paris?† â€Å"Teabing's life passion is the Grail. When whisperings of the Priory keystone surfaced about fifteen years ago, he moved to France to search churches in hopes of finding it. He's written some books on the keystone and the Grail. He may be able to help us figure out how to open it and what to do with it.† Sophie's eyes were wary. â€Å"Can you trust him?† â€Å"Trust him to what? Not steal the information?† â€Å"And not to turn us in.† â€Å"I don't intend to tell him we're wanted by the police. I'm hoping he'll take us in until we can sort all this out.† â€Å"Robert, has it occurred to you that every television in France is probably getting ready to broadcast our pictures? Bezu Fache always uses the media to his advantage. He'll make it impossible for us to move around without being recognized.† Terrific, Langdon thought. My French TV debut will be on† Paris's Most Wanted.† At least Jonas Faukman would be pleased; every time Langdon made the news, his book sales jumped. â€Å"Is this man a good enough friend?† Sophie asked. Langdon doubted Teabing was someone who watched television, especially at this hour, but still the question deserved consideration. Instinct told Langdon that Teabing would be totally trustworthy. An ideal safe harbor. Considering the circumstances, Teabing would probably trip over himself to help them as much as possible. Not only did he owe Langdon a favor, but Teabing was a Grail researcher, and Sophie claimed her grandfather was the actual Grand Master of the Priory of Sion. If Teabing heard that, he would salivate at the thought of helping them figure this out. â€Å"Teabing could be a powerful ally,† Langdon said. Depending on how much you want to tell him. â€Å"Fache probably will be offering a monetary reward.† Langdon laughed. â€Å"Believe me, money is the last thing this guy needs.† Leigh Teabing was wealthy in the way small countries were wealthy. A descendant of Britain's First Duke of Lancaster, Teabing had gotten his money the old-fashioned way – he'd inherited it. His estate outside of Paris was a seventeenth-century palace with two private lakes. Langdon had first met Teabing several years ago through the British Broadcasting Corporation. Teabing had approached the BBC with a proposal for a historical documentary in which he would expose the explosive history of the Holy Grail to a mainstream television audience. The BBC producers loved Teabing's hot premise, his research, and his credentials, but they had concerns that the concept was so shocking and hard to swallow that the network might end up tarnishing its reputation for quality journalism. At Teabing's suggestion, the BBC solved its credibility fears by soliciting three cameos from respected historians from around the world, all of whom corroborated the stunning nature of the Holy Grail secret with their own research. Langdon had been among those chosen. The BBC had flown Langdon to Teabing's Paris estate for the filming. He sat before cameras in Teabing's opulent drawing room and shared his story, admitting his initial skepticism on hearing of the alternate Holy Grail story, then describing how years of research had persuaded him that the story was true. Finally, Langdon offered some of his own research – a series of symbologic connections that strongly supported the seemingly controversial claims. When the program aired in Britain, despite its ensemble cast and well-documented evidence, the premise rubbed so hard against the grain of popular Christian thought that it instantly confronted a firestorm of hostility. It never aired in the States, but the repercussions echoed across the Atlantic. Shortly afterward, Langdon received a postcard from an old friend – the Catholic Bishop of Philadelphia. The card simply read: Et tu, Robert? â€Å"Robert,† Sophie asked,† you're certain we can trust this man?† â€Å"Absolutely. We're colleagues, he doesn't need money, and I happen to know he despises the French authorities. The French government taxes him at absurd rates because he bought a historic landmark. He'll be in no hurry to cooperate with Fache.† Sophie stared out at the dark roadway. â€Å"If we go to him, how much do you want to tell him?† Langdon looked unconcerned. â€Å"Believe me, Leigh Teabing knows more about the Priory of Sionand the Holy Grail than anyone on earth.† Sophie eyed him. â€Å"More than my grandfather?† â€Å"I meant more than anyone outside the brotherhood.† â€Å"How do you know Teabing isn't a member of the brotherhood?† â€Å"Teabing has spent his life trying to broadcast the truth about the Holy Grail. The Priory's oath is to keep its true nature hidden.† â€Å"Sounds to me like a conflict of interest.† Langdon understood her concerns. Sauniere had given the cryptex directly to Sophie, and although she didn't know what it contained or what she was supposed to do with it, she was hesitant to involve a total stranger. Considering the information potentially enclosed, the instinct was probably a good one. â€Å"We don't need to tell Teabing about the keystone immediately. Or at all, even. His house will give us a place to hide and think, and maybe when we talk to him about the Grail, you'll start to have an idea why your grandfather gave this to you.† â€Å"Us,†Sophie reminded. Langdon felt a humble pride and wondered yet again why Sauniere had included him. â€Å"Do you know more or less where Mr. Teabing lives?† Sophie asked.† His estate is called Chateau Villette.† Sophie turned with an incredulous look. â€Å"The Chateau Villette?† â€Å"That's the one.† â€Å"Nice friends.† â€Å"You know the estate?† â€Å"I've passed it. It's in the castle district. Twenty minutes from here.† Langdon frowned. â€Å"That far?† â€Å"Yes, which will give you enough time to tell me what the Holy Grail really is.† Langdon paused. â€Å"I'll tell you at Teabing's. He and I specialize in different areas of the legend, so between the two of us, you'll get the full story.† Langdon smiled. â€Å"Besides, the Grail has been Teabing's life, and hearing the story of the Holy Grail from Leigh Teabing will be like hearing the theory of relativity from Einstein himself.† â€Å"Let's hope Leigh doesn't mind late-night visitors.† â€Å"For the record, it's Sir Leigh.† Langdon had made that mistake only once. â€Å"Teabing is quite a character. He was knighted by the Queen several years back after composing an extensive history on the House of York.† Sophie looked over. â€Å"You're kidding, right? We're going to visit a knight?† Langdon gave an awkward smile. â€Å"We're on a Grail quest, Sophie. Who better to help us than a knight?†

Microbio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Microbio - Essay Example 84). It displays immunological memory through which it recalls having encountered an invading organism thus reacting more rapidly on the same organism on subsequent exposure. This paper is a discussion that compares and contrasts the innate and the acquired immune responses. When a person comes into contact with an infectious agent, the first defenses to counter the infection are physical, as well as, chemical barriers like; antimicrobial proteins that are secreted at mucosal surfaces, which deny the microbes from getting into the body. In the case that these barriers are overwhelmed, or dodged, other immune system components get into action. The complement system is able to recognize the foreign organisms, as well as, phagocytic white blood cells like the innate immune system macrophages and neutrophils, and destroy them immediately (Minnicozzi 115) In contrast, the acquired immune response, also referred to as the adaptive immune system, develops in days. It is, however, able to el iminate infections in a more efficient way due to the lymphocytes exquisitely recognition functions that are specific. These cells are able to respond to every antigen through antigen receptors that are highly specialized which are present on the lymphocytes surface. The lymphocytes present in the body in their billions, possess a vast range of antigen receptors collectively, which make it possible for the immune system to identify, and take action to virtually any antigen an individual may be exposed to. This enables the adaptive immunity to focus on overcoming the pathogens that have eluded or overcome the innate immunity. Additionally, the innate immunity defense systems are effective in battling many pathogens. However, they are constrained by their reliance on germline-encoded receptors in order for them to identify microorganisms that have the ability to evolve more rapidly than the infected host. This is why they are able to only identify microorganisms that bear surface mole cules, which are common to most pathogens conserved over the evolution course. Most pathogenic bacteria contain a protective capsule that has evolved that makes it possible for them to hide these molecules making it difficult for them to be recognized and phagocytosed. Viruses do not carry invariant molecules like those of bacteria, and the macrophages rarely recognizes them. However, viruses, as well as, encapsulated bacteria may nevertheless be picked by dendritic cells via the macropinocytosis nonreceptor-dependent process. This may then reveal the molecules that mask their infectious nature activating the dendritic cell to present the antigens that belong to them to lymphocytes. (Kobayashi et al. 5123). All the blood cellular elements such as the red blood cells which transport oxygen, platelets for triggering blood clot in tissues that are damaged, and the immune system white blood cells, originate from the bone marrow’s hematopoietic stem cells. Since these stem cells h ave the ability to produce every different blood cell types, they are mainly referred to as pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells. They give rise to additional limited developmental potential that are the instant progenitors of platelets, red blood cells, and the two major

Architecture history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Architecture history - Essay Example During this time, architects had access to new technologies that empowered their design and the society demands were dynamic at this time. The purpose of this article is to examine the theme of nationalism and regionalism as depicted in the Australian architecture. Regional architecture is a new approach to architecture that aims to orient the placeless modern architecture and to give it a sense of belonging. Regional and national architecture is the use of unique design and that is only relevant and associated with a specific place. The Sydney School of architecture is perceived as the mother of the international style in Australia after it introduced the concept of organic architecture. This design requirement emerged in the year 1950s when the need arose to reform architectural design to accommodate the complex demands of the new world2. Consequently, Sydey School is perceived as a solution to a constrained international architectural design. 1Edquist, Harriet. Pioneers of Moderni sm: The Arts and Crafts Movement in Australia. Carlton: Miegunyah Press, 2008. 2Callister, Winsome. â€Å"Dealing with the ‘Sydney School’: Perspectives on Australian Architecture in the 1950s and 1960s.† Transition, no. ... Modern architects have embraced this design principle to come up with unique structures that are natural and youthful by utilizing natural materials and taking advantage of topographical forms. Peter Muller is among one of the organic architects that adopted the principles laid down by Wright in his definition of the modern design. One unique artistic work of Muller that has garnered a lot of attraction as an organic structural design is the Audette House that he designed in Australia. A feature that has captured many architects in this piece of work is the topographical design forms that Muller included in his plans. This architect employed horizontal lines to integrate the house with the sloppy landscape and to accomplish the initial design requirement of a solar friendly design. The use of free form angles and flat topped roofs was a unique attribute that connects to the idea of organic architecture that Wright saw as new characteristic of modern buildings. In addition, the surrou nding of the building is covered by a natural aesthetic of plants that was part of this landscape even before the existence of this building. Natural aesthetic is one of the emphases that organic architects have put forward to ensure that structures interfere minimally with the natural environment. In this view, Audette building can be regarded as typical structure that defines the organic school of architectural design4. 3Pearson, David. The Breaking Wave: New Organic Architecture. New York: Cengage, 2001. p. 72. 4Irving, Robert. Fine Houses of Sydney. Australia: Methuen, 2000. P160-169. Another unique feature of the Audette house is the selection of materials used for construction

Dissertation ;HOW EFFECTIVE ARE CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENTS IN CHANGING UK Essay

Dissertation ;HOW EFFECTIVE ARE CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENTS IN CHANGING UK CONSUMER ATTITUDES ABOUT VARIOUS CLOTHING BRANDS - Essay Example The paper has been based on two main objectives, i.e. Studying the consumer attitude towards brands and Studying the impact of the celebrity endorsements on UK customer attitudes in clothing industry. The paper has a major limitation as it lacks a qualitative research and is also focused on the low income group of the population. The research findings clearly highlight that a majority of the individuals are not impacted by the celebrity endorsements. Branding is one of the most essential aspects of any business. In the recent times, the main motif behind complete branding can be understood to be attempts to combine the customer preferences with the various diverse activities. The impact of celebrity endorsements on an overall brand specifically in the clothing industry is essential to understand and relate to. The form of marketing adopted by marketers significantly affect the consumer purchasing style and decisions. Fashion marketing is a complicated business process, much like any other industry, which involves everyone in the industry from manufacturing workers to the retail buyer. Clothing is produced, promoted using a variety of mediums, and ultimately delivered to the final buying segments. Once in the retail environment, the buyer instructs salespersons about new clothing merchandise, develops employee talents in selling and sales techniques, and generally has flexibility in deciding on specific fashions and designs (Care ers, 2005). All of these activities contribute to the process of ensuring that sales targets are met for both the manufacturer and the retail organisation which carries the fashion brands. In the UK alone, consumers spent  £46.2 billion on clothing in 2006 (Brand Strategy, 2008). Across the whole of Europe, consumers spent 311.6 billion Euros on clothing and fashion, representing a very profitable industry internationally. Marketers hence recognise this industry is very large and

Toshiba Company in Malaysia Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Toshiba Company in Malaysia - Coursework Example Toshiba is well known among domestic and business circles for products like laptops. After Dell, HP, Accer and Lenovo, Toshiba is the 5th biggest Laptop manufacturer in the world. II. Competitive Forces Model for Toshiba Toshiba’s product range is huge, starting from fluorescent lamps in 1939, Toshiba has come a long way over the past 70 odd years and has proven itself a worthy and tough competitor in almost all of the electronic and electrical industries. Toshiba is a competitor in most of the electronic industries, for example Toshiba manufactures video cameras for domestic use as well as surveillance cameras along with complete surveillance systems. Naturally it is not easy to compete with a company that has such a wide range of products, especially one that is continuing to grow and expand to a point when it will be intimidating and threatening for its competitors. Entrants: Toshiba has a long to do in the mobile market. A great marketing campaign has to be set by the comp any to take the market as Toshiba have in LapTop or computer market. Entry of competitors: it is not easy for a new competitor to enter the market for electronic goods because it is inhabited by organizational giants like Toshiba, Sony, Lenovo and many others. Threats of substitutes: yet again manufacturer substitution is probable but the possibilities are limited to the companies that are fully established with a large number of users who can help convince others to try out their products. Bargaining power of buyers Bargaining power of suppliers Rivalry among the existing players: naturally there is a strong rivalry between Toshiba and its competitors but Toshiba is a high profiled player in this arena. It has been around for quite long time and has continued to expand with time by introducing innovations in its products with a consistency that few can match. III. Competitors When it comes to manufacturing electrical goods, Toshiba has got a large number of competitors all over the world for example Toshiba has got giants like HP, Dell, Lenovo, Casper, Sony, Accer and Compaq as competitors in the manufacturing of PCs and laptops. Toshiba has all sorts of competitors in almost all parts of the world though their types and expertise varies. IV. Customers Toshiba has got a large number of customers all over the world which can be divided into three basic categories. a) Domestic consumers: Toshiba manufactures Laptops and netbooks, Laptop accessories, Televisions, Blue ray players, DVD players, HD camcorders, LED lightings, Air conditioning and heating devices for domesticated environments. b) Business clients: Toshiba manufactures copiers, printers, fax machines, scanners, electronic components, semiconductors, hard disk drives, laptop computers, Surveillance and IP video products, Liquid

How Much Does Culture and Lifestyle Affect Behavior Assignment

How Much Does Culture and Lifestyle Affect Behavior - Assignment Example Our societal lifestyle is the outcome of our social values, norms, and customs which are deeply rooted in our behavior. This idea supports the fact that a person accustomed to a negative habit or situation would perceive it in a positive way. Consequently, he would be inclined towards it despite various restricting rules. Excessive restrictions or binding laws in a society may often compel people to adopt a particular behavior out of curiosity. Although biological impressions tend to develop innate behavior, culture and lifestyle maintain a significant impact on peoples’ social behavior. Education, training and religious preaching are considered to be the effective ways of controlling negative impacts of a society. A learned fellow is believed to be more mature in handling the negative societal impacts than a person not cultured to perceive the difference between good and bad. Technology is another determinant of measuring cultural influences on human behavior. People living in a technically advanced area are more affected by the good and evil that technology brings into their lifestyle. Technology may nurture a rather advanced culture that accepts certain notions which are otherwise condemned in a conventional society. Scientists also regard certain psychological disorders as the outcome of a person’s culture or lifestyle. These may include obsessive-compulsive disorders or the psyche of overdoing things etc. Thus, it can be deduced that culture and lifestyle play a major role in affecting human behavior. In today’s world of globalization managers often come across a culturally diversified workforce. Such dealing demands a little more than the conventional management concepts.

Site Contamination - Derby Pride Park Research Paper

Site Contamination - Derby Pride Park - Research Paper Example The paper tells that soil pollution is a very critical health related issue. Both soil pollution and groundwater pollution adversely affect the health of humans, plants, and marine life. â€Å"Soil contamination can also affect those who touch it†. If we talk about groundwater pollution, we can say that it is even more dangerous because it directly affects human as well as marine life. Discharged water contains such substances, which are very harmful for the health of human beings. Before going to propose a site decontamination plan for the Derby Pride Park, let us get a brief overview of sources of contamination and some methods to decontaminate the polluted sites. There are various sources of contamination production. These sources include food, dietary supplements which are very rare, drugs, industrial discharge from chemical industries, pesticides that come from farming areas, and various detergents and fertilizers. â€Å"The potable water becomes wastewater after it gets contaminated with natural or synthetic microbiological compounds†. Groundwater from the neighboring fields is also a source of contamination. â€Å"Groundwater moves slowly and continuously through the open spaces in soil and rock†. Another major source of contamination is those chemical processes, which are used to take out the required minerals from rocks because raw material containing the minerals is often stored in impure and contaminated surfaces, which results in contamination of minerals. So it is strictly advised to keep the surfaces clean on which the raw material is to be placed. Remediation Remediation means decontamination of the polluted sites. The process of

Big Five Personality Theory Essay Example for Free

Big Five Personality Theory Essay Psychology refers to study of human mind and behavior. The main aim of psychology is to gain an intricate understanding of all and why individuals behave the way they do and what are the causes of their behavior. The ultimate aim is to understand a man in order to benefit society at large. There are many theories that discuss and try to explore different aspects of human behavior. The big five personality theory has been revolutionary and is currently the most accepted model in the scientific community. It consists of five traits – Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional stability, and openness and can be remembered by acronym – Ocean. One of the best ways to access a trait is to directly ask a person about the trait ( self report ) and then get an observer to confirm the trait ( observer report ). Me and my husband scored me on various traits as detailed above separately. We scored the answers, the scores and details of each trait are as below: Extroversion: My extroversion scores were (41- 41). This suggests I am talkative, outgoing, seek adventure, and excitement. Introverted people are quiet and reserved, though some researchers have shown that introverts can be as gregarious in social situations as extroverts but the key is in the source of energy. Extroverts gain energy from social interactions where as introverts from solitude. This is so true in my case. I have never been comfortable being alone. Openness: I scored (78-65) in openness, which is characterized by imagination, broadmindedness, originality. People low in this trait traditional, stick to familiarity, follow tested paths. It’s true in my case. I love challenges, trying new things adds new dimension and meaning to my life. In fact I would go ahead and say not doing different things disappoints me. It is this trait that got me my boyfriend who is now my husband. I guess this need comes because I lived 22years of ritualistic and traditional life. Thanks to a strict father. Conscientious : I scored (33-36) on conscientious which is characterized by dependability, efficiency and persistence. I love order in anything. Be it my wardrobe, gym routine, doing my laundry on Saturday or cleanliness of the house. Being on time to appointments, keeping order in life, I believe speaks volumes about a person and I intend to have a positive one. Guess, I get that trait from my father. He was always prompt with bills, early for appointments even informal ones. I did not know one could live any other way. Agreeableness: I scored 30(me)-43(husband) in agreeableness. It is characterized by less negative emotions, like jealousy, revenge and more empathy. People low in this trait look to win arguments not people, lean more towards excitement and dominance. I guess my husband sees me as being as agreeable because he himself is a agreeable person and sees positive in others always whereas I am more critical of myself. I am supportive of friends and family and empathize a lot with people to an extent that I feel angry if my close ones are insulted. But at the same time if someone does something wrong even if it is my mother I will not stop myself from confronting her. So, I must say I agree with my score of 30. Emotional stability: I Scored 16(me)-29(husband) in Emotional stability. It is characterized by stability in emotions in various situations in life and they are calm, free from persistent negative feelings. People rating low on this trait show negative emotions like anger, anxiety, depression, low tolerance to stress, mood swings and pessimism, Both me and my husband have scored me low on this scale. The reason is I do get stressed easily. Exams, major decisions in life get me on my nerves. At those times I am a different person – angry, not approachable and irritable. But once I find solution to the problem in my mind, I immediately get back to being myself. I guess, I need to work on being more stable. The big 5 theory helps shed light towards formation of human personalities and why different individuals exhibit different emotions and reactions when dealing with different social situations. Human behavior just like psychology itself is a broad specialty and having all the answers is virtually i mpossible. However having different theories give innumerable details that helps form a bigger picture of causes and variables that shape a human. Anju Priyadarshini

Fredrick W Taylor Essay Example for Free

Fredrick W Taylor Essay Frederick W Taylor was one who led a life of earnest development in the production and manufacturing sectors. His life was one the spurned on time study and one that advanced America and the world in scientific management. Taylor was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 20, 1856. He lived an eventful and noble life for 59 years and one day dying on March 21, 1915. Throughout his lifetime he was a great inventor with over 40 patents and a brilliant engineer (Britannica). In his early years Taylor was always learning and creating. At age 12, Taylor created a harness that would keep him on his back to try and prevent nightmares (www.stfrancis.edu). In 1872 he went to the Philips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire. Here he led his class scholastically. After his completion of studies at Philips Taylor started working as a machine shop laborer in a steel plant named Midvale Steel Company. Quickly Taylor started to grow in position; he became a successful shop clerk, machinist, gang boss, foreman, maintenance foreman, head of drawing office, and finally chief engineer. It is evident to see that Taylor was a man of wisdom and drive, who never settled for anything less than the best. In 1881, at age 25 he introduced time study at the Midvale Plant. The project was a great success and as a result the profession of time study was started. While working at Midvale, Taylor studied at night to get a degree in mechanical engineering from Stevens Institute of Technology. As can be seen even from an early age Taylor had successes in new areas of study which spurned on his later life accomplishments. Throughout Taylor’s mid and late life he continued to advance and spread his knowledge of time study. He retired at age 45, after that he, his wife and their three adopted children lived in Philadelphia from 1904 to 1914. He continued to devote money and time to promote the principals of scientific management through lectures at universities and professional societies (Britannica). In 1906 Taylor was elected the president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and that same year was he was awarded an honorary doctor of science degree by the University of Pennsylvania (Britannica). Taylor was a man of expert wisdom and foresight and it is seen throughout his life as we just discussed but these characteristics primary shine when you look at his theory and successes of time study. He realized that production could be increased by standardizing this system of work (smallbusiness.chrono.com). Taylor’s time study theory was that he would break each job down into specific tasks and timed how long it took a worker to complete each task (smallbusiness.chrono.com). Then he specified exactly how each task was to be performed and what tools to use, then the workers were trained to complete the task in a certain way (smallbusiness.chrono.com). He did this because he believed that there was one and only one method of work that maximized efficiency as he said, â€Å"And this one best method and best implementation can only be discovered of developed through scientific study and analysis.† (Vincenzo Sandrone). He proved this theory at the Bethlehem Steel Works where they had 500 men shoveling coal. He performed his time and motion studies and found out that using a different shovel for different size coal that it increased the amount you could shovel. So as a result of these two studies men could shovel more coal for a longer period of time. Thus he effectively reduced the number of men shoveling coal to 140 (smallbusiness.chrono.com). This is the reality of his theory and the results speak for themselves. Also, Taylor worked alongside Henry Ford to create the first assembly line (smallbusiness.chrono.com). Taylor also used his expertise and applied it to moving pig iron. He increased the amount moved from 12.5 tons per a day to 47.5 tons of pig iron a day. This leads to another point of Taylor’s theory and it was that he believed that you had to choose the right people for the task. Relating the example just mentioned, Taylor said that not all workers were fully capable of moving 47.5 tons of pig iron per a day, perhaps only 1/8 of the pig iron handlers were capable of doing that. This is because their physical capabilities were well-suited for moving pig iron. This is Taylor’s point, that workers should be picked according to how well they suit a particular job. Taylor also had a motivational theory, called the economic man (Business Studies). This was that workers were motivated or encouraged by money alone and the only factor that could stimulate further output or work was the chance of earning extra money (Business Studies). Taylor always said that workers should be paid a ‘fair day’s pay for a fair day’s work’ and that the pay should be directly linked with output (Business Studies). This leads to a further point of Taylor’s, and it is called ‘piece rate’. To encourage this, workers were pay by each unit that they produced, and the first unit were paid at a low rate and the more the worker produced that higher the pay they received. He also believed that incentive wages were of no use unless they were coupled with efficient tasks that were carefully planned and easily learned (www.stfrancis.edu). Thus is Taylor’s main motivational suggestion; to link pay with output. Taylor also standardized the role of management. This included setting managers apart from operations and giving them more authority to set the tasks workers do (smallbusiness.chrono.com). Taylors’ attitudes toward workers were laden with negative bias â€Å"in the majority of cases this man deliberately plans to do as little as he safely can.† The methods that Taylor adopted were directed solely towards the uneducated (Vincenzo Sandrone). Taylor believed that the secret of productivity was finding the right challenge for each person, then paying him well for increased output (www.stfrancis.edu). He believed that incentive wages were no solution unless they were combined with efficient tasks that were carefully planned and easily learned (www.stfrancis.edu). Throughout this passage it is evident to see what a work Taylor accomplished. He is the father of scientific management and the one who spurned off time study. Taylor spent his whole life increasing efficiency in the workplace, working with making people and companies, most notable, Henry Ford. He and many others of his time like Henry Ford did work that put the United States on the leading edge during the Industrial Revolution. Bibliography 1. Frederick Winslow Taylor, Mary Ellen Papesh, www.stfrancis.edu/content/ba/ghkickul/stuwebs/bbios/biograph/fwtaylor.htm 2. Britannica, Frederick W Taylor, www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/584820/Fredrick-W-Taylor. 3. Herzberg Taylor’s Theories of Motivation, Lisa Magloff, Demand Media, www.smallbusiness.chrono.com/herzberg-taylors-theories-motivation-704.html 4. Frederick W Taylor: Master of Scientific Management, www.skymart.com/resources/leaders/taylor/asp 5. Business Studies second edition, Peter Stimpson and Alastair Farquharson, Cambridge University Press 2010

The dissociative identity disorder diagnosis controversy

The dissociative identity disorder diagnosis controversy Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD), has been widely recognized and studied over the years. Although Dissociative Identity Disorder was officially accepted by the DSM-IV as a valid psychiatric diagnosis, intense debate about its validity is still common. There are two basic positions that dominate the controversy of DID. There are some who believe that it is a valid diagnosis. Proponents of DID argue that those who resist to diagnose their patients with DID and fail to recognize the disorder are not well trained. While others argue that DID is not a valid psychiatric diagnosis. These people argue that DID is caused by misguided individuals who look continuously searches for the right therapist until they receive the diagnosis that they wanted. In addition to that, these people believe that DID is an iatrogenic phenomenon brought on by incompetent therapists through hypnosis and suggestions. For those who argue that DID is a valid diagnosis they point out that the diagnosis of Dissociative Identity Disorder is extremely complex. One of the reasons that its complex to diagnose is because of how difficult it is to differentiate from many other syndromes. In addition to that, DID can even coexist with more familiar and less controversial syndromes. In 1984, Coons stated that DID can be confused with other dissociative disorders such as psychogenic amnesia and fugue, and depersonalization disorder. Furthermore, DID can also be confused with atypical dissociative disorder experience by those who were in prisoner or hostage situations and dissociates from the stress such as physical and emotional abuse that they endure caused by their captors. Since phobias, mood swings and conversion reactions like pseudo seizures, paralysis, and blindness are common with anxiety, affective, and somatoform disorder they may also co-exist with multiple personality disorder. In order to obtain more evidence that a patient has DID, Coons suggested that information from external sources such as family members, friends, coworkers, and hospital staff is important. When asking these people, a clinician should ask about evidence of personality changes, persistent lying, use of third person, handwriting changes, and many others subtle signs that may provide evidence of DID (Coons, 1984). In addition to Coons, in a study conducted by Horevitz and Braun (1984), they found that DID can co-exist with borderline personality. They studied 93 patients with confirmed diagnoses of DID. During the study they were only to evaluate 33 of the 93 cases. They found that 23 of the 33 or 70% of their sample also qualified for the diagnosis of borderline personality (Horevitz Braun 1984). Similar to the studies conducted by Horevitz and Braun, and Coons, Clary, Burstin, and Carpenter concluded that DID has a lot in common with borderline personality. They drew their conclusions from 11 patients who were poor and referred through public agencies and womens shelter. On their study, Clary et al. noted the difference between their findings and Richard Klufts (1982) findings. Kluft found borderline characteristics in only 22.8% of his 70 subjects. 45% of them were described as neurotic mixtures and 32% were described as hysterical-depressive. Clary et al. assumed that their results were different from Kluft because Klufts patients were from a private psychoanalytic practice. Because of this, their functioning is better because of the demands intensive psychoanalytic psychotherapy entails (Clary, Burstin, Carpenter, 1984). Proponents of DID like Carol North, Jo-Ellyn Ryall, Daniel Ricci, and Richard Wetzel point out documented physiologic differences between personalities of patients with DID. These claims were then supported by the argument that these symptoms could not be replicated by normal people or professional actors. This is because, there are distinctive patterns among the different personalities that a patient with DID has. These differences can be detected through the positron emission tomography (PET) scans, evoked potentials, voice prints, visual acuity, eye muscle balance, visual field size, galvanic skin response, electroencephalographic patterns, electromyography, and cerebral blood flow (North et al., 1993, pg. 29). Proponents argue that DID patients are quiet, unassuming, and shy individuals who do not seek public attention. According to Kluft (1985), DID patients try to disguise their conditions because they are worried about the reactions that theyre going to get from reluctant therapists. In different studies conducted by Kluft, he found multiple times the reluctance that DID patients feel when seeing a therapist. In one of his studies, he found that only 40% of patients with DID showed subtle hints of the disorder while 40% showed no overt signs at all. In that study he found that the diagnosis of DID was an inverse relationship to how clear the symptoms were in the patient. During this study he also found that multiples who enter treatment do because of affective, psychotic-like, or somatoform symptoms as opposed to classical DID symptoms. Since the presentation of the disorder is often subtle, Kluft points out that it is important for clinicians to work very hard to elicit a history compa tible with DID. Similar to Coons, Kluft specifically mentioned that its important for clinicians to use indirect inquiries for patients who show the symptoms of DID (Kluft, 1984). In 1986 he found that 50% of DID patients withheld evidence of DID during their first assessment, and 90% said that at one point in their lives they tried to hide the manifestations of DID. Kluft also found that there are some cases where the symptoms of DID are not voluntarily provided to the therapist because patients are unaware that they have the disorder (Kluft, 1986). In spite of a lack of consensus that DID is a valid psychiatric disorder, proponents of DID, like Kluft, have divided DID into subtypes. Later Kluft (1991) described the typology of DID presentation that includes the following types: Classic MPD, latent MPD, posttraumatic MPD, extremely complex of fragmented MPD, Epochal or sequential MPD, isomorphic MPD, coconscious MPD, possessioniform MPD, reincarnation/mediumistic MPD, atypical MPD, secret MPD, ostensible imaginary companionship MPD, covert MPD, phenocopy MPD, somatoform MPD, Orphan symptom MPD, switch-dominated MPD, ad hoc MPD, modular MPD, quasi-roleplaying MPD, and pseudo-false positive MPD (North et. al, 1993, pg. 30). Another person who believes that DID is a valid psychiatric disorder is Brad Foote. Foote (1999) wrote a paper that features why DID can easily be mistaken for hysterical phenomena. One of the main critiques that other people have is that DID does not occur naturally. Instead, its symptoms are a modern version of hysteria. In this view, many believe that patients may create or report dissociative symptoms both intentionally and unintentionally in order to assume the sick role. Opponents believe that this sick role is advantageous because of the attention that they get from friends, family, and their therapist. In addition to that, some proponents believe that the therapist has a big influence on the patients pathology and thus contributes to this phenomenon. According to this view, patients did not have any symptoms of DID present prior to seeing a therapist. On the other hand, those who treat DID patients argue that: 1. There is a naturally occurring presentation of DID, prior to th erapist suggestions; 2. Patients do not embrace the DID diagnosis willingly, and in fact usually fight at least as hard to reject as, for extremely ego-dystonic; 3. DID symptoms do not disappear when ignored; and 4. The disorder actually begins in childhood, in the context of overwhelming trauma, and there could not possibly be caused by the adult therapist together with the patient (Foote, 1999, pg. 321). Foote describes that for a typical DID patient, powerlessness takes place in a severe level. He states that it is common for a DID patient to have a long history of abuse, usually including sexual abuse. When it comes to diagnosing DID, Foote explains a situation in which a typical DID patient will find herself in. If the therapists bias that the DID patient is creating her symptoms to seek attention, this bias will only be confirmed by all of the drama and attention that the patient will have. Whether or not the patient does anything dramatic depends on the therapist. Subsequentl y, if the patient is talking to a skeptical listener, the patient will feel powerless and will cause her to give up, or become hysterical and desperate in her communications in order to explain to her therapist her symptoms. Furthermore, if the therapist has a strong bias that switching from one personality to another is feigned, there are no data that could falsify this statement. If the patients switch is subtle the observer would think that there is no big deal and it doesnt seem like the patient has a different personality. Similarly, if the patient has a dramatic switch the therapist would believe that her actions are exaggerated and obviously unreal. With this said, however, Foote wanted to clarify that DID diagnosis is not immune from factitious presentations for the purpose of attention-seeking. However, skepticism can become a barrier to the possibility of the diagnosis to be perceived. To conclude, Foote wanted to point out that first, DID by its nature is unavoidably dram atic and that this causes clinicians to be unconvinced before they have ever seen a DID patient. Because of this, he encourages clinicians to be open-minded and be aware of how complicated DID can be. He believes that if a clinician takes their time to patiently immerse him/herself in the world of DID, they will discover the possibilities of DID that are not readily available superficially. Second, Foote points out that its important for clinicians to, Hopefully, we can call upon our own internal resources of calmness and confidence that if a story is true it will ultimately be heard, and proceed to communicate accordingly (pg. 342). According to Frank Putnam (1996), There are three basic criticism when it comes to the validity of DID. The first one is that DID is an iatrogenic disorder caused by the psychiatrist. Second, critics say that DID is produced by the media. Finally, critics say that DID case numbers are increasing exponentially over the years. For the first argument on DID being caused by a psychiatrist, Putnam points out that there are at least two clinical studies that have shown that there are no distinct differences between those who are diagnosed with DID and was treated with or without hypnosis. Also, many patients who have never been treated using hypnosis was diagnosed with DID. This shows that the accusation that the misuse of hypnosis is responsible for the disorder is not accurate. Second, by looking at decades worth of research on the media effects on behavior, Putnam says that it is clear that exposure to specific media is not a sure cause of a certain behavior. He points out that the port rayal of violence in the media is more common than the depiction of DID. Yet, critics say that the small amount DID portrayals in the media is significantly responsible for the increase in diagnosed cases. Finally regarding DID cases increasing exponentially; Putnam says that its common for critics to inflate their numbers without any evidence supporting their figures. According to him, after plotting the numbers of published cases of DID he found that they have increased but not as dramatic as critics make it sound. In fact, over the same period of time other disorders such as Lyme disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and chronic fatigue syndrome have shown an equal or faster increase in published cases compared to DID. These results reflect the results of basic advancement in the medical field. Disorders increase in published cases may be due to the new discoveries of symptoms that used to be unrelated. As new symptoms are found to be related to certain disorders, the more the physicians can identify the condition. Ultimately, Putnam believes that DID meets the standards of content validity criterion, criterion-related validity, and construct validity considered necessary for the validity of a psychiatric diagnosis (pg. 263). One of the controversial topics about DID and its diagnosis is that hypnosis elicit DID. Richard Kluft, a Clinical of Professor of Psychiatry in Temple University School of Medicine believes that hypnosis or suggestion may be the reason some patients have alternate personalities. However, he believes that iatrogenesis or hypnosis do not explain DID. While Putnam (1986) did not detect and differences in clinical presentation, symptoms, or past history between patients who were hypnotized and those who werent. Furthermore, Ross et al. (1989) conducted a study where they studied 236 patients who were diagnosed with DID. They found that only a third of these patients had been hypnotized prior to being actually diagnosed with DID. In addition to this study, Ross conducted another study where he compared DID patients of psychiatrists who specialize in DID and patients of psychiatrists who did not specialize in this disorder. They concluded that DID is not iatrogenic. The idea of iatrogenes is has been continuously disputed. The study that Ross et al. (1989) found compelling evidence that shows that DID is a genuine disorder with consistent core features with compelling evidence. Nicholas Spanos, a Professor of Psychology at Ottawas Carelton University conducted two experiments which explores DID. He argues that DID patients are not passive victims. Instead, they are patients who do things to purposefully be diagnosed with the disorder. He also argued that therapists assist these patients achieve their goals. The therapists provide encouragement, information, and validation for the different identities. For his first experiment in 1984, he had forty-eight undergraduate volunteers as his subjects. They were asked to role-play an accuse multiple murder named Henry or Betty whose lawyer decided to enter a not guilty plea. They were told that a psychiatrist would interview them and might even use hypnosis. If hypnosis was used they were asked to also role-play being hypnotized. The subjects were not told anything about DID. There were three possible conditions that eight men and eight women were randomly assigned to. In the first condition, the subjects were aske d if the felt the same thing as Harry or Betty or if they felt any different. In the second condition, subjects were told that they had complex personalities but hypnosis would allow the therapist to get behind the wall that hid their inner thoughts from awareness. Furthermore, the hypnotist would be able to talk to their other personality under hypnosis. In the third, which was the control group, subjects were told that personality was complex and included walled-off thoughts and feelings. Spanos also administered a five-item sentence completion and a differential test to all subjects (it included all their different roles, where a second personality was enacted). After the psychiatrist told the subjects their personality, they asked the same four questions to each subject. The responses were rated by judges who didnt know the subjects treatment groups. The results showed that 81% of the subjects who were asked if they felt the same thing as harry or Betty or are they different and 31% of subjects in hidden-part treatment adopted a new name. 70% of those subjects who adopted a new name had two different identities. 63% of subjects in the hypnotic treatments displayed spontaneous amnesia. While, none of the control subjects used a different name or had amnesia. In his discussion Spanos makes four points. First, only the subjects who were hypnotized used another name, reported two different identities, and amnesia. Second, all but one subject who had multiple personalities admitted guilt on the second administration. Those who had no multiple personalities continuously denied guilt. Third, Spanos points out how easy it is to fake multiple personality even without the knowledge of DID. Finally, Spanos points out that multiple typically show contrasting personalities. Spanos believes that the amnesia of his subjects was a strategic way to control the subjects ability to recall a memory in response to the situation at hand (Spanos 1984). Another point that opponents want to make is that DID is well suited for providing patients a way to avoid being responsible for their actions. Kluft (1985) described some DID patients who value their disorder. In hospital wards, other patients complain that DID patients avoid accountability and responsibility. DID may also be accounted for the failures that a person with DID wants to avoid facing. DID patients use this disorder as an excuse for their difficulties or failures to explain why they were in the situation that they were in. According to Bliss, another way that DID can be beneficial to others is that it shows an outlet to express behaviors that are deemed unacceptable, such as sexual behaviors, physical aggressions, or substance abuse. An alternate personality may abuse substances or rape, while the host personality would never do such a thing. This fits the descriptions that alternate personalities are usually irresponsible and likes to act out with the host personality a s proper. Alternate personalities are also created to manage unpleasant emotions that the patient wants to avoid. Specific emotions are assigned to a personality as a way to avoid having to acknowledge strong or painful emotions. (Kluft, 1985). Since the case of Eve Black became famous Thigpen and Cleckley wrote a paper where they showed concern for the epidemic of DID cases. There were thousands of patients who travelled thousands of miles to see different therapists until they received the diagnosis that they wanted. Not only that, but they go through great lengths such as talking on the phone in different voices, sending photographs of different selves, and writing letters with different handwritings for every paragraph. When it comes to these people, these desperate actions would not stop until they were diagnosed with DID. Another category of patients wrongly diagnoses with DID were attention-seeking hysterics who are affected by the labeling process. While, the last category that they described are groups of individuals who arent satisfied with their self-concept so they use dissociation to allow the unacceptable aspects of their personalities to be expressed (Thigpen Cleckley, 1984). Proponents of DID assert that DID is a genuine disorder that has a valid diagnosis, whereas skeptics argue that DID is an iatrogenic or faked condition. These two different arguments may both be persuasive but neither of them does not answer the question of the validity of DID. It is important to evaluate these arguments to determine the extent of the diagnosis of DID. Current knowledge of the clinical phenomenology of DID cannot be considered as either proof or disproof that DID is a valid diagnostic entity. Kluft calls for active research rather than fruitless debate (pg. 3). Future studies on DID will have many opportunities to address the challenges that both proponents and opponents of DID diagnosis validity pose.

Essay --

A. Interview in a Hospitality Consultancy Business in London 1. Definition of the Term Hospitality Hospitality can be defined as the relationship process between a guest and a host. It may involve services in restaurants, hotels, resorts, clubs or other services that deals with tourists (Barrows & Bosselman, 1999). 2. Hospitality Industry Contribution in UK’s GDP The hospitality industry contributes 6.7% of total GDP (Gross Domestic Product) in the UK (United Kingdom) (Staywyse, 2012). 3. Difference between the Products and Services Offered in a 4* Hotel and in Bed and Breakfast There is very much difference between the products and services offered in a four-star hotel and in a bed and breakfast. Since, it is identified that the four-star hotel covers following services and products (Vine, 1981): 1. 24 hours available reception service for both insiders and outsiders 2. Lobby with sitting arrangement and beverage service 3. Both breakfast buffet and room service availability 4. Minibars as whole or beverages in room services 5. Cosmetic products availability in a large scale of hotel’s bathroom 6. Internet access and internet terminal 7. Restaurant 8. Leisure clubs On the side, the bed and breakfast (B&B) are those who possess following types of products and services (Kimball, 2007): 1. Family-owned or private homes services 2. Provides services to overnight customers on rent 3. Accommodation typically includes breakfast 4. Provide support to the consumers about directions, information about the local area, and sightseeing suggestions. 4. Definition of Flat and Tall Organizational Structure i. Flat Organizational Structure A flat organizational structure or a horizontal organizational structure can be defined as a ... ...ity organization so that the human resource in a hotel or restaurants can meet the lifestyle of Chinese guest and visitors. Likewise, hospitality organization, in case of implementation of such legislation, now needs to increase and enhance their securities within and outside the hotel or restaurants so that foreigner visitors can easily move from one area to another without any fear. In addition, the requirement of more Chinese restaurants or foods and beverages will be increase so that the hospitality organization has to take effective measure to meet the needs and expectation of Chinese visitors and guests. Thus, these all the areas of a hospitality organization which will influence by the implementation of such legislation in the region and so the hospitability organization need to take productive actions to meet with the future requirements and necessitates.

Of mice and me :: essays research papers

In the book â€Å"of mice and men† John Steinbeck writes about the idea of loneliness. For men like those at a California ranch, loneliness is about all they have to look forward to and for 3 men names Candy, Crooks, and George. They face loneliness at a higher rate than most. George the easy-going caretaker of lennie looks at loneliness a different way. George has been taking care of lennie ever since lennie’s aunt Clara died a long time ago. Moving from ranch to ranch, George finds himself unable to keep a friendship. Traveling with lennie who is nowhere near the maturity level of an adult George cant hold a reasonable conversation. George finds himself yelling at lennie on a daily bias. â€Å"God a’ mighty if I was alone I could live so easy. I could get a job and work and have no problems.† George is showing loneliness by saying if he wasn’t so lonely dealing with lennie he could maybe be happy. Another lonely person on the ranch is candy. Candy is an old man that really does not have a place there. He does odd-in jobs and can’t play any games with the younger men because of his age. The only thing candy had to call his own was his dog. Candy has had this dog since it was a puppy, and when they shot it because the dog is so old candy had noting to own. Candy says in the book â€Å"You seen what they did to my dog tonight? That says he wasn’t no good to himself nor anyone else. When they can me here I wish they would shot me. But they wouldn’t do anything like that. I won’t have a place to go, and I can’t get another job. By Candy saying this he is trying to say that the dog was all he had left, and that he can’t leave because he won’t be able to get another job. The loneliest of them all is Crooks. Crooks were the stable buck that had his own room and didn’t really talk with anyone. Because of the time period being black and looking for a job was hard. So Crook just had to deal with what ever he got. Of mice and me :: essays research papers In the book â€Å"of mice and men† John Steinbeck writes about the idea of loneliness. For men like those at a California ranch, loneliness is about all they have to look forward to and for 3 men names Candy, Crooks, and George. They face loneliness at a higher rate than most. George the easy-going caretaker of lennie looks at loneliness a different way. George has been taking care of lennie ever since lennie’s aunt Clara died a long time ago. Moving from ranch to ranch, George finds himself unable to keep a friendship. Traveling with lennie who is nowhere near the maturity level of an adult George cant hold a reasonable conversation. George finds himself yelling at lennie on a daily bias. â€Å"God a’ mighty if I was alone I could live so easy. I could get a job and work and have no problems.† George is showing loneliness by saying if he wasn’t so lonely dealing with lennie he could maybe be happy. Another lonely person on the ranch is candy. Candy is an old man that really does not have a place there. He does odd-in jobs and can’t play any games with the younger men because of his age. The only thing candy had to call his own was his dog. Candy has had this dog since it was a puppy, and when they shot it because the dog is so old candy had noting to own. Candy says in the book â€Å"You seen what they did to my dog tonight? That says he wasn’t no good to himself nor anyone else. When they can me here I wish they would shot me. But they wouldn’t do anything like that. I won’t have a place to go, and I can’t get another job. By Candy saying this he is trying to say that the dog was all he had left, and that he can’t leave because he won’t be able to get another job. The loneliest of them all is Crooks. Crooks were the stable buck that had his own room and didn’t really talk with anyone. Because of the time period being black and looking for a job was hard. So Crook just had to deal with what ever he got.

Reaction to Raisin in the Sun/Dream Defered Essay

This poem resonated with me more so than any other so far. It starts out with a simple question about a dream that gets put off and the raisin is a metaphor for the dream or idea that is perished in the blazing sun. The writer uses such vocabulary to ignite all senses to describe the raisin as decaying, festering and stink like rotten meat. IT seems as so the dream is the source of pain for the writer and the ills that accompany the chasing of the dream are pain, anguish and torture. The use of the sun I found to be significant as the sun is the source of all life and covers the whole world and to the individual, the raisin, it causes an unbearable torment. The dream in this poem is not indicated but given the context of the writer I assumed it could be used to explain what we know to be the American Dream where a man can be happy and enjoy life in his own home away from persecution of society. I would compare that that the pain in this poem like the sores and heavy load are the day to day hardships he faces to achieve his dreams. The last line is significant as along with the other lines in the poem he poses questions but this last line is terminal. There are no more transformations the dream can do but to explode and be destroyed completely. This suggests either he gives up or the things that keep him from achieving his dreams causes him to break down and crack mentally perhaps. In â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† we see a typical African American Family with each member having their own dreams and ideas of what they want out of life. They each chase what they believe to be a â€Å"way out† for them and take steps to get there. What keeps this family from achieving them are hardships like lack of money, lack of support and resources that perhaps non-African Americans have. The play depicted the everyday life of African Americans in a way that all cultures can understand. The resemblance to actual people Hansberry invented a situation that was realistic and could be understood by anyone who has ever wanted a better situation in life. The comparison of the poem of Langston Hughes â€Å"Dream Deferred† makes the topic and characters even more realistic. It asks the question what would happen if someone worked all their lives for a dream and was unable to achieve it. And the play shows the audience the real life events of those thoughts and questions in the poem. A Raisin in the Sun is a complicated movie with many levels of social aspects entwined. The movie shows the oppression that was occurring to African Americans at the time especially in housing exploitation. . Walter is just angry at society and wants more of life and himself. Mama and Ruth are more concerned with just getting by and providing better opportunities for the next generation by buying a house and giving it to Travis. Willy Harris steals from his own to get ahead by stealing Walter’s money for the store. Beneatha most represents a feminist who fight the system by wanting to become a doctor and gain an education and fights society’s expectations of her as a black woman. Between the play, movie and poem the ideas expressed transcend too many people and can be considered timeless. As humans we all want better situations and gain a piece of the American Pie that we perceive others to have. We recognize when we are oppressed and persecuted against and which to elevate away from them.

Gke Task 2

Literature, Arts and the Humanities Romanticism and Realism 02-01-2010 Romanticism and Realism are two very different periods in literary and art history. Although both periods completely disagreed with each other they were a result of the social and economic revolt. Romanticism was an artistic, literary and social movement that originated in the second half of the eighteenth century in Western Europe. The French revolution laid the background for this era as people wanted to get an escape from the confines of daily life.This late era gained momentum in reaction to the Industrial Revolution. Many revolted against higher society and the political aspect of the time. The movement put a new outlook on difficult emotions such as fear and terror. Romanticism was known as a new revival of the medievalism as certain elements of the era are seen as a way to escape the new bustling world and ever populating cities in Europe. This era also attempted to embrace the exotic and the unfamiliar by using the imagination to escape. Although Romanticism began in Germany its effects were seen through the world.This influential era reached America in the early nineteenth century and was just as diverse as the movement that was quickly transitioning in the Western Europe. A modern characteristic of romanticism could be considered misunderstood and anything that may differentiate from the trends of life. Many scholars have different opinions on the characteristics of Romanticism as some believe it is a beginning of a tradition of resistance to the enlightenment and other believe it is a direct result of the French Revolution.Charles Baudelaire was quoted as characterizing romanticism as â€Å"precisely situated neither in choice of subject nor exact truth but in the way of feeling† This era emphasized intuition and imagination that has led many to believe that romantic thinking is simply irrational and crosses the line of what is acceptable thinking in and of the world during this era. In art most found a recurring theme from criticism of the past. Often artist would use woman and children in their works to depict the new pure nature. A famous artist from the Romanticism period named Thomas Cole epicted a Man’s journey through life in his â€Å"Voyage through Life† series. This exceptional expression of art shows a struggle of survival through an immense nature, from birth to death. The realism period made its mark in history from 1830 to 1870. Realism’s main principle was considered to be more of a way of thinking instead of a movement that involved a large culture. Realism went against everything Classicism and Romanticism had so strongly emphasized accusing the movement of being blind to the real world and not depicting the beauty in everyday life.This late 19th century movement took all of the elements that could falsify or bring a cloudy view to the true life hardships and successes out of art to show the beauty of real life Re alism came to France in the late 1840’s with democracy in mind. The English focused realism on social liberation of the middle and lower class by taking a stand against materialistic views from the Royal Academy. Artist during the realism period focused on optic effects and lighting and how it affected everyday life. Artist believed that Science held the key to solving the problems that every day life brought fourth.As a result, a tendency flourished among realists to produce paintings that reflected the everyday mental experiences of contemporary life. This included abstract concepts such as cultures, problems and customs which tended to focus specifically on the immediate surrounds of the artist and thusly include objects and people traditionally not considered of any artistic merit. (â€Å"A Short history,†) Romanticism was the sugar coated escape for the reality occurring around people in the late 18th century however Realism went completely against what romanticis m held to be so important in its period.The Realism period provided a scientific answer for the imbalance in society caused but the Romantic views of people in the late 18th century. Realism showed how important it was to appreciate everyday life and the works that contributed to your society as Romanticism tended to rebel against all political and social influences of the time period. Realism waged a metaphorical battle against any art that depicted emotions or romanticism. Realism seemed to fade when the Impressionism period came to light. This period has some similarities to realism.The Impressionism period reflected a more extended version of realism. Impressionism was more scenic and landscape but still focused on using everyday life as the basis of the art. . Francisco Goya’s performed etchings such as his work â€Å"The Sleep of reason† he believed art should reflect the way the world was without illusion. (â€Å"Learn about realism,†) These periods broug ht us great writers such as Edgar Allen Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne and artist such as Eugene Delacroix that have greatly influenced the artist and writers of today.Although both periods completely disagreed with each other they were both a result of the social and economic situation that was in need of a solution. Bibliography Learn about realism. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. arthistory-famousartists-paintings. com/Realism. html A Short history on realism. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. frontpainting. com/famous-paintings-realism. html Honour, H. (1974). Romanticism. New York, New York: Westview press .

Implications of War on Terrorism on Public Relations Essay

The present Iraq War and War on terrorism have brought new dilemmas for the governments and businesses. How can the companies and government involve themselves in creating a society that is free of discrimination and respect personal freedoms. Even more important is how to avoid the pitfalls that turn out to be a public relations nightmare. One example of such an incident was when British Airways asked an employee to remove the cross she was wearing. British News paper published the news with the headline â€Å"British Airways allows Muslim headscarves, but not Christian symbols†. The woman at the center of the debate decide to sue the airline and the British Airways had to retract its notice after the public relations debacle that only brought it worldwide bad press. Former foreign Secretary, Jack Straw caused another furor by asking the Muslim women wearing veils, visiting his constituency surgery to remove their veils. In the present charged atmosphere, the simple request was seen as another attack on Muslim culture and British Muslims already feeling themselves cornered and persecuted made sure that the topic became a controversial subject. After all, Jack Straw is no Ayatollah Khomeini who has already told Iranian women to wear ‘hijab’ (dress similar to that of catholic nuns) but not cover their faces with veils. The ensuing debate caused high tempers both among traditional Muslims as an attack on personal freedoms at one end and from the mainstream British on banning the veil in public. Jack Straw finally issued a statement that his request was merely a suggestion to visiting constituency members and he did not insist on removal of veil. The war on terrorism and 7/7 tubes bombing has created a special need to sooth the fears of law abiding British Muslims who have just about as much to do with the bombings as any other citizen or the Brazilian shot in the aftermath of 7/7 tube bombing [Thompson et al, 2006]. The law enforcement institutions also have to ensure that the war-on-terrorism does not destroy the good public relations they have so laboriously built with all communities. The present world politics has necessitated a more sensitive handling of religious issues. Jews, Muslims, Sikhs and other religious minorities appear to have become incredibly sensitive and an important research issue is to survey how businesses varying from multi-national corporations to high street shops and industrial concerns have prepared themselves to avoid public relations disasters like British Airways ban on wearing religious symbols at work. Political parties and public figures and celebrities also need to prepare for being ethnically sensitive and religiously neutral. As a part of my 10 week research study I am proposing to survey the importance of religious symbols for our multi cultural society, investigate how the celebrities, public figures and industrial and business sector has prepared itself for the sensitivity of the present times. It would also be of interest to see if totally secular operating practices are acceptable and practical in a multi religious, multi cultural environment. The research is expected to prepare guidelines for various stakeholders to avoid public relation failures and unnecessary problems which result from over enthusiasm in this sensitive area. Bibliography 1. The Mail, (2006, Oct 16), Airline bans woman from wearing cross, [Online] Retrieved from Internet on 25 February 2007, cited in http://card. wordpress. com/2006/10/16/airline-bans-woman-from-wearing-cross/ 2. Guardian Unlimited, (2006, Oct. 05), Straw asks Muslim women to remove veil, [Online] Retrieved from Internet on 25 February 2007, cited in http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,,1888546,00.html#article_continue